Planets are often described as ancient, unchanging worlds. Planets are born out of chaos, shaped by violent collisions and swirling dust. They grow, they evolve, and in their own way, they age.
Some endure for staggering lengths of time. Others meet surprisingly dramatic ends. So what is the typical lifespan of a planet? The answer depends less on the planet itself and more on the star it calls home. From rocky Earth-like worlds to bloated gas giants, planetary lifespans stretch from a few million years to trillions. It seems there’s no single clock ticking for them all.
How planets are born and what really counts as their death
Experts say planets start as microscopic dust grains floating in discs of gas and debris around young stars.
Over time, these grains collide, stick, and grow. Eventually, gravity takes over and the process speeds up.According to astrophysicist Sean Raymond, planets bulk up through countless impacts. Gas giants such as Jupiter begin as massive rocky cores before pulling in thick envelopes of hydrogen and helium. Rocky planets like Earth go through a messy late phase of giant collisions after the surrounding gas disc has dispersed.
It was never a neat process and still isn’t in the young star systems we observe today.One way to define planetary death is simple destruction. A collision or a star swallowing it. But planetary scientist Matthew Reinhold suggests another view. A planet might be considered “dead” when it can no longer support the conditions it once had. If oceans evaporate, tectonics stall, or an atmosphere vanishes.
How Earth’s life could end
Earth’s fate is tightly tied to the Sun. Our star currently fuses hydrogen into helium in its core, releasing light and heat that keep life possible.
But stars age, in about five billion years, the Sun will exhaust its hydrogen supply and expand into a red giant. Long before that, it seems the increasing brightness will slowly boil Earth’s oceans, and surface water will vanish. Eventually, Earth may be engulfed as the Sun swells or it might be flung outward during the chaos of stellar mass loss.
All told, Earth’s lifespan is estimated at roughly 9.5 billion years from formation to final destruction.
Most stars in the universe aren’t like our Sun. They’re smaller, cooler red dwarfs, and they burn fuel incredibly slowly. So planets orbiting red dwarfs might outlive Earth by an enormous margin. Reinhold’s modelling suggests that internal geology could set the real deadline. Plate tectonics and mantle convection help regulate climate through the carbon-silicate cycle. It’s essentially a planet’s thermostat. On Earth-like planets around red dwarfs, mantle convection might continue for 30 to 90 billion years. Mantle melting could persist for 16 to 23 billion years.
Those numbers are wide, admittedly. Still, they suggest many rocky planets will “die” internally long before their stars fade.
